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that sets the stage for the sixteenth-century reformations without sacrificing itself to their anticipation.
Ober, Josiah. Mass and Elite in Democratic Athens: Rhetoric, Ideology, and the Power of the People. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989. The first of
two penetrating studies of the arguments over political culture in Athens.
* . Political Dissent in Democratic Athens: Intellectual Critics of Popular Rule. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998. The second of Ober s studies.
Oberman, Heiko. Luther: Man between God and the Devil. Trans. Eileen
Walhiser-Schwarzbart. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989. Stressing
Luther s connections with late medieval Christianity, this is the most influential
book on the great reformer.
Obolensky, Dimitri. Byzantium and the Slays. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir s
Seminary Press, 1994. The standard introduction to the formation of Orthodox
Eastern Europe.
Ogilvie, Robin Maxwell. Roman Literature and Society. Totowa: Barnes and Noble, 1980. Not so much a history of Roman literature as a location of that
literature within the larger social and historical context.
nd
Panofsky, Erwin. Renaissance and Renascences in Western Art. 2 ed. New York: Harper & Row, 1969. One of the most influential essays in cultural
interpretation.
Pehika.n, Jaroslav. The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of
Doctrine. Vol. 1: The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition (100 600). Vol. 2:
The Spirit of Eastern Christendom (600 1700). Vol. 3: The Growth of Medieval
Theology (600 1300). Vol. 4: The Reformation of Church and Dogma (1300 1700). Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971 1980. A stupendous
achievement of exposition and interpretation.
*Pellegrin, Pierre. Aristotle. In *Bpjnschwig and Lloyd, Greek Thought, pp.
554-575. An exceptionally clear and readable introduction.
Pohl, Walter, ed. Kingdoms of the Empire: The Integration of the Barbarians in Late Antiquity. Leiden: Brill, 1997. Eight essays that address different aspects of
the Roman incorporation of the Germanic peoples.
Raaflaub, Kurt, and Michael Toher, eds. Between Republic and Empire. An Interpretation of the Augustan Principate. Berkeley: University of California Press,
1990. A collection of essays by leading scholars on various aspects of the reign of Augustus and the regime he created.
*Ramage, Nancy A. Roman Art: Romulus to Constantine. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Prentice-Hall, 1996. An excellent introduction to the subject with fine illustrations.
Rawson, Elizabeth. Cicero: A Portrait. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1975. A -good book, although Cicero deserves a better, fuller treatment.
Redford, Donald B. Akhenaten: The Heretic King. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984. A compelling treatment of its title subject and a good
introduction to Egyptian religion.
*Reynold, Susan. Fiefs and Vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994. A stimulating reinterpretation of the
medieval evidence pertaining to the cornerstones of all older arguments about feudalism.
*Riché, Pierre. Education and Culture in the Barbarian West. Trans. John J. Contreni. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1976. A learned and
readable discussion of the transformation of school culture from 500 to 900.
Daily Life in the World of Charlemagne. Trans. Jo Ann McNamara.
Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1978. An interesting book that delivers on the promise of its title.
______ The Carolingians. Trans. Michael I. Allen. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993. Comprehensive and readable, the best introduction to the
Carolingians.
Riley, Bernard F. The Medieval Spains. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. Early and late, Christian and Muslim, Spain and Portugal two Spains
all the way through.
*RileySmith, Jonathan. The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades. Oxford:
Oxford University, Press, 1997. Excellent essays by leading authorities on all aspects of crusade history.
Rdsener, Werner. Peasants in the Middle Ages. Trans. Alexander Stützer. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992. A comprehensive introduction with good
coverage of the often-neglected German world.
Saggs, H. W. F. The Might That Was Assyria. New York: St. Martin s, 1990.
More positive in its assessment of the Assyrians than the lectures but unrivaled as a survey.
*Scaip~ell Geoffrey. The First Imperial Age: European Overseas Expansion, 1400 1 715. London: Unwin-Hyman, 1989. Successful as an introduction to a
huge subject.
Scarisbrick, J. 1. The Reformation and the English People. Oxford: Blackwell, 1984. A major book by a leading authority; challenges a long-prevailing bottom-
up interpretation of the English reform.
Scullard, H. H. Roman Politics, 220 150 B.C. nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973. A brilliant exposition of how the Roman social system and constitution
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interacted.
Shanks, Herschel. Ancient Israel: From Abraham to the Roman Destruction of the Temple. Rev. ed. Washington, DC: Biblical Archaeology Society, 1999. A set
of clear and authoritative essays by leading scholars.
Shotter, D. C. A. Augustus Caesar. London: Routledge, 1991. Detailed yet readable, balanced yet reliable in its interpretations.
*Snell, Daniel C. Life in the Ancient Near East. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997. A fine, readable, leamed book that combines the evidence of texts and
archaeology.
Southern, Richard W. Scholastic Humanism and the Unification of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell, 1995. The first volume of a projected three-volume study by the
late master of medieval intellectual history, this book argues for a common scholarly vision in courts and schools.
Strouhal, Eugen. Life of the Ancient Egyptians. Trans. Deryck Viney. Norman:
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